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Circuit Symbols

Wires and connections

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Wirewire symbolTo pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another.
Wires joinedwires joined symbolA 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right.
Wires not joinedwires crossing but not joined symbolIn complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'!

Power Supplies

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Cellcell symbolSupplies electrical energy.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together.
Batterybattery symbolSupplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
DC supplyDC power supply symbolSupplies electrical energy.
DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.
AC supplyAC power supply symbolSupplies electrical energy.
AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction.
Fusefuse symbolA safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.
Transformertransformer symbolTwo coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils.
Earth
(Ground)
earth symbolA connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.

Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Lamp (lighting)lamp (lighting) symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb.
Lamp (indicator)lamp (indicator) symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboard.
Heaterheater symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.
Motormotor symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).
Bellbell symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Buzzerbuzzer symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Inductor
(Coil, Solenoid)
inductor symbolA coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it. It may have an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a transducer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something.

Switches

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Push Switch
(push-to-make)
push-to-make switch symbolA push switch allows current to flow only when the button is pressed. This is the switch used to operate a doorbell.
Push-to-Break Switchpush-to-break switch symbolThis type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open (off) only when the button is pressed.
On-Off Switch
(SPST)
SPST on-off switch symbolSPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.
An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in the closed (on) position.
2-way Switch
(SPDT)
SPDT switch symbolSPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.
A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches have a central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.
Dual On-Off Switch
(DPST)
DPST switch symbolDPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.
A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections.
Reversing Switch
(DPDT)
DPDT switch symbolDPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.
This switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches have a central off position.
Relayrelay symbolAn electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally  Closed.

Resistors

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Resistorresistor symbolA resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the current passing through an LED. A resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit.
Some publications still use the old resistor symbol:  old zig-zag resistor symbol
Variable Resistor
(Rheostat)
rheostat symbolThis type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to control current. Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed, and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit.
Variable Resistor
(Potentiometer)
potentiometer symbolThis type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal.
Variable Resistor
(Preset)
preset symbolThis type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment. Presets are cheaper than normal variable resistors so they are often used in projects to reduce the cost.

Capacitors

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Capacitorcapacitor symbolA capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals.
Capacitor, polarisedpolarised capacitor symbolA capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals.
Variable Capacitorvariable capacitor symbolA variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.
Trimmer Capacitortrimmer capacitor symbolThis type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.

Diodes

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Diodediode symbolA device which only allows current to flow in one direction.
LED
Light Emitting Diode
LED symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to light.
Zener Diodezener diode symbolA special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage across its terminals.
Photodiodephotodiode symbolA light-sensitive diode.

Transistors

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Transistor NPNNPN transistor symbolA transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.
Transistor PNPPNP transistor symbolA transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.
PhototransistorPhototransistor symbolA light-sensitive transistor.

Audio and Radio Devices

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Microphonemicrophone symbolA transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.
Earphoneearphone symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Loudspeakerloudspeaker symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Piezo Transducerpiezo transducer symbolA transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Amplifier
(general symbol)
amplifier symbolAn amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block diagram symbol because it represents a circuit rather than just one component.
Aerial
(Antenna)
aerial symbolA device which is designed to receive or transmit radio signals. It is also known as an antenna.

Meters and Oscilloscope

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Voltmetervoltmeter symbolA voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference', but most people prefer to say voltage!
Ammeterammeter symbolAn ammeter is used to measure current.
Galvanometergalvanometer symbolA galvanometer is a very sensitive meter which is used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less.
Ohmmeterohmmeter symbolAn ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.
Oscilloscopeoscilloscope symbolAn oscilloscope is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it can be used to measure their voltage and time period.

Sensors (input devices)

 Component  Circuit Symbol Function of Component
LDRLDR symbolA transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an electrical property).
LDR = Light Dependent Resistor
Thermistorthermistor symbolA transducer which converts temperature (heat) to resistance (an electrical property).

Logic Gates

Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off).
For more information please see the Logic Gates page.
There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).
Gate TypeTraditional SymbolIEC SymbolFunction of Gate
NOTNOT gate traditional symbolNOT gate IEC symbolA NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on the output means 'not'. The output of a NOT gate is the inverse (opposite) of its input, so the output is true when the input is false. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.
ANDAND gate traditional symbolAND gate IEC symbolAn AND gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an AND gate is true when all its inputs are true.
NANDNAND gate traditional symbolNAND gate IEC symbolA NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not AND gate. The output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are true.
OROR gate traditional symbolOR gate IEC symbolAn OR gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an OR gate is true when at least one of its inputs is true.
NORNOR gate traditional symbolNOR gate IEC symbolA NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not OR gate. The output of a NOR gate is true when none of its inputs are true.
EX-OREX-OR gate traditional symbolEX-OR gate IEC symbolAn EX-OR gate can only have two inputs. The output of an EX-OR gate is true when its inputs are different (one true, one false).
EX-NOREX-NOR gate traditional symbolEX-NOR gate IEC symbolAn EX-NOR gate can only have two inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not EX-OR gate. The output of an EX-NOR gate is true when its inputs are the same (both true or both false).

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